Vijayanagar Empire & Bahmani Sultanate

vijayanagar empire krishna deva raya bahmani kingdom quli qutub shah adil shahi

• By the end of the Sultanate Period, Multan and Bengal were the first territories to break away from the Delhi and declared independent.
• Many other territories in the Deccan region also rose to power.

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vijayanagar empire krishna deva raya bahmani kingdom quli qutub shah adil shahi

Vijayanagar Empire (1336-1672)

• Harihara and Bukka founded the Vijayanagar Empire in 1336.
• It was on the southern banks of Tungabhadra river.
• They made Hampi as the capital city.
• Before they served under Kakatiya ruler of Warangal.

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Vijayanagar Empire was Ruled by

• Sangama dynasty
• Saluva dynasty
• Tuluva dynasty
• Aravidu dynasty

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Harihara  (1336–56)

• In 1336 Harihara became the ruler of Sangama Dynasty.
• By 1346, the whole of the Hoyasala kingdom had passed into the hands of the Vijayanagar rulers.
• By 1377, the sultanate of Madurai was completely wiped out.
• Vijayanagar empire then comprised the whole of south India upto Rameswaram.
• Bagepalli Copper Plate Inscription of Harihara I tells us about his achievements.
• In 1356 Bukka succeeded Harihara.

vijayanagar empire krishna deva raya bahmani kingdom quli qutub shah adil shahi

Deva Raya (1406–22)

• Deva Raya was able to make alliance and defeated Firoz Shah of Bahmani and annexed the entire territory up to the mouth of the Krishna.
• A Venetian tourist Nicolo Conti visited his court.
• Hazare Rama temple was constructed during his rule.
• Madhura, a noted Jain poet, was in his court.
• Madhura wrote the Dharmanathapurana on the life of the 15th Jain Tirthankar in Kannada.

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Deva Raya II  (1424–46)

• Deva Raya II was the greatest ruler of the Sangama dynasty.
• He acquired the title of Gajabetegara.
• In order to strengthen his army, he inducted more Muslims in his army.
• He asked all his Hindu soldiers and officers to learn the art of archery from Muslim army.
• Srirangam copper plates of Deva Raya Il list the various achievements of the ruler.
• Sanskrit poet Gunda Dimdima and Telugu poet Kavisarvabhauma Srinatha, author of Haravilasam, was in his court.
• Persian traveller Abdur Razzak visited his court.

vijayanagar empire krishna deva raya bahmani kingdom quli qutub shah adil shahi

Saluva and Tuluva Dynasty

• After some time of the death of Dev Raya II the throne was usurped by the king’s  minister, Saluva Narasimha.
• Thus the Sangama dynasty came to an end and the Saluva dynasty was established.
• The Saluva dynasty also soon came to an end, and a new dynasty called the Tuluva dynasty was founded by Vira Narasimha.

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vijayanagar empire krishna deva raya bahmani kingdom quli qutub shah adil shahi

Krishna deva Raya  (1509-29)

• Krishnadeva Raya of the Tuluva dynasty was the most famous king of the Vijayanagar Empire.
• He assumed the title of ‘Yavanarajyasthapanacharya’ (Establisher of the Yavanaor Muslim kingdom).
• In 1523 he captured Orissa and Warangal.
• He built large tanks and canals for irrigation.
• He maintained friendly relationship with the Portuguese governor, Albuquerque.
• Portuguese traveler Domingo Paes and Barbosa visited his court.
• He was known as ‘Andhra Bhoja’.
• Eight eminent luminaries in literature known as Ashtadiggajas were at his court.
• He wrote Amuktamalyada in Telugu.
• Allasani Peddana, the author of Manucharitram, he was also known as Andhra Kavitapitamaha.

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Achyuta Deva Raya (1529 – 42)

• Achyuta Deva Raya was the younger brother of Krishna Deva Raya.
• Portuguese traveler, Fernoa Nuniz, came to India during his reign.
• He patronised the Kannada poet Chatu Vittalanatha, the great singer and composer Purandaradasa (father of Carnatic music), and the Sanskrit scholar Rajanatha Dindima II.
• The Tiruvengalanatha temple, which is now popularly known as Achyutaraya temple.
• Tenali Rama, the author of Panduranga Mahatyam also was a famous poet of this region.

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Rama Raja

• Ram raja was a son-in-law of Krishna Deva Raya.
• He was able to playoff various Muslim power against one another.
• He entered into a commercial treaty with the Portuguese.
• Ram Raja completely defeated the Bijapur ruler.
• Then he allied himself with the Bijapur ruler to inflict humiliating defeats on Golconda and Ahmednagar.
• However, his enemies (except Berar) ultimately combined to inflict a crushing defeat on Vijayanagar at Bannihatti, in Battle of Talikota, in 1565.
• This battle is also known as the Battle of Raksasa Tangadi.
• Rama Raja was imprisoned and immediately executed.

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Trade and Commerce

• According to Abdur Razzak, state had 300 sea ports.
• Most important commercial area on the west coast was Malabar, with its important port Cannanore.

• Among the exports, the main items were cloth, spices, rice, iron, salt petre, sugar, etc.
• They issued Gold Pagoda or Varaha Coin.

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Position of Women

• Women occupied a high position and took an active part in political, social and literary life of the empire.
• They were educated and trained in wrestling, in the use of various weapons of offence and defence, in music and fine arts.
• Nuniz writes that the kings had women astrologers, clerks, accountants, guards and wrestlers.

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vijayanagar empire krishna deva raya bahmani kingdom quli qutub shah adil shahi

Bahmani Sultanate (1347-1526)

Alauddin Hasan Bahman Shah (1347-58)

• Also known as Hasan Gangu was the founder of Bahmani Kingdom.
• He was a Turkish officer of Devagiri under Muhammad bin Tughlaq.
• His sultanate stretched from the Arabian Sea to the Bay of Bengal, included the whole of Deccan up to the river Krishna
• Capital at Gulbarga.

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Muhammad Shah-I (1358-77)

• He was an able general and administrator.
• He defeated Kapaya Nayaks of Warangal and the Vijayanagar ruler Bukka-I.

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Firoz Shah Bahmani (1397-1422)

• He defeated the Vijayanagar ruler Deva Raya I.

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Ahmad Shah Wali (1422-35)

• Ahmad Shah Wali conquered the kingdom of Warangal.
• He changed his capital from Gulbarga to Bidar.

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Muhammad Shah-lll (1463-82)

• In 1463 Muhammad Shah-lll became the Sultan at the age of nine
• Muhammad Gawan became the regent of the infant ruler.
• Under Muhammad Gawan’s able leadership the Bahmani kingdom became very powerful.

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Muhammad Gawan

• He was the vakil as well as the wazir of Muhammad Shah Ill between 1463-81.
• He improved the administration, systematized finances, encouraged public education, reformed the revenue system, disciplined the army and eliminated corruption.
• In 1481 Muhammad Gawan persecuted by the Deccan Muslims who were jealous of him and sentenced to death by Muhammad Shah.
• He introduced the use of gunpowder in the war against the Vijayanagar kings in Belgaum.

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vijayanagar empire krishna deva raya bahmani kingdom quli qutub shah adil shahi

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Breck up of the Bahmani kingdom

Nizam Shahis of Ahmadnagar (1490-1633)

• Founded by Ahmad Bahri.
• Later in 1633 Ahmadnagar was conquered and annexed by Shah Jahan in 1633.
• Malik Ambar was a popular Prime Minister of the Ahmadnagar, also pioneer in guerilla warfare.
• Sultana Chand Bibi defended Ahmednagar against the Mughal forces of Akbar in 1595.
• She acted as Regent of Bijapur during the minority of Ibrahim Adil Shah II.

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Adil Shahi Dynasty of Bijapur (1490-1686)

• Adil Shahi Dynasty was founded by Yusuf Adil Shah.
• Muhammed Adil Shah (1627-1656 ) built Gol Gumbaz, a tomb with the world’s one of the largest dome at Bijapur.
• It is also famous for the so-called ‘Whispering Gallery’.
• Ibrahim Adil Shah II (1580–1627) is known as Jagadguru Badshah.
• He was tolerant towards other religion.
• Adil Shahi Dynasty was later conquered and annexed by Aurangzeb in 1686.

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Imad Shahis of Berar (1490-1574)

• Founded by Fatullah Khan Imad-ul-mulk.
• Later it was conquered and annexed by one of the Nizam Shahi rulers of Ahmadnagar.

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Qutub Shahi Dynasty of Golconda (1518-1687)

• Founded by Quli Qutub Shah who built the famous Golconda fort and made it his capital.
• Muhammad Quli Qutub Shah, was the greatest of all, and he founded the city of Hyderabad.
• He also built the famous Charminar in it.
• The kingdom was later annexed by Aurangzeb in 1687.

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Barid Shahis of Bidar (1528-1619)

• Founded by Ali Barid.
• It was later annexed by the Adil Shah of Bijapur.

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vijayanagar empire krishna deva raya bahmani kingdom quli qutub shah adil shahi

Vijayanagar – Bahmani Conflict

• The conflict was over the control of the Raichur doab.
• Raichur doab is between rivers Krishna and Tungabhadra.
• This area was fertile and rich in mineral resources.
• The famous diamond mines of Golconda were located in the eastern part of the doab region.
• Krishna–Godavari basin is very fertile, and foreign trade cab controlled from here.
• The Marathwada region was extremely fertile and included with it the port of Goa.
• Port of Goa was an important outlet for export as well as import, especially of horses from Iraq and Iran.
• The Conflict started on a large scale in 1367 during the reign of Bukka I.
• He assaulted the fortress of Mudkal in the disputed Tungabhadra doab and slaughtered the entire garrison.
• The war dragged on for several months, but the Bahmani Sultan could neither capture the Raja nor his capital.
• Finally, both sides were exhausted, and concluded a treaty which restored the old positions.
• The reign of Deva Raya I began with a renewed fight for the Tungabhadra doab.
• He was defeated by the Bahmani ruler, Firoz Shah.
• The conflict ended up with the Battle of Talikota in 1565.

vijayanagar empire krishna deva raya bahmani kingdom quli qutub shah adil shahi

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