Contents
WBCS Main Optional Question Paper – 2023
PAPER – I (Time-3 Hours Full Marks-200)
GROUP-A
Answer any six questions:
- (a) What is isoelectric pH? State its significance.
(b) Discuss briefly the glass-electrode method of pH determination.
(c) Write name of the different blood buffer system.
(d) Describe briefly the role of blood buffer system in maintaining blood pH. (2+3)+6+3+6=20
2. (a) What is osmosis? Why osmosis is important to the survival of cell?
(b) What type of pressure is osmotic pressure? Describe the factors affecting osmotic pressure.
(c) Explain briefly Van’t Hoff law of osmotic pressure.
(d) What do you mean by dialysis and ultrafiltration? (2+3)+(2+3)+6+(2+2)=20
3. (a) What is glycogenin? What does it play in glycogen metabolism?
(b) What is anomer? State the different anomeric form of glucose.
(c) Why glucose is called dextrose? Why sugar are most powerful reducing agent in alkaline medium?
(d) Distinguish between the chemical structure of starch and cellulose. What is sugar acids? (2+3)+(2+3)+(2+3)+(3+2)=20
4. (a) What is ‘Cahill Cycle’ pathway? State its physiological importance.
(b) What is transmethylation? Give one example.
(c) What do you mean by essential and non-essential amino acids? Give suitable examples.
(d) Why arginine is called semi-essential amino acid?
(e) What is the principle of ‘protein denaturation’? (3+3)+4+4+3+3=20
5. (a) Calculate the total energetics of β-oxidation reaction of one molecule of fatty acid (palmitic acid).
(b) What are the sources of NADPH and acetyl CoA for lipogenesis?
(c) How do phospholipid differ from triglyceride?
(d) Distinguish between fat and wax. 6+(4+4)+4+2=20
6. (a) Explain how lanosterol is formed from squalene.
(b) Why the pentose phosphate pathway is called hexose monophosphate shunt (HMP shunt)?
(c) How are H₂O₂ and superoxide radicals formed in cells? How do they cause cell damage?
(d) Describe the anabolic role of TCA cycle. 6+2+(4+2)+6=20
7. (a) Describe the rate-limiting steps of the glycolytic pathway.
(b) How can hexose sugars enter the glycolytic pathway?
(c) What do you mean by galactosemia? 8+8+4=20
8. (a) Describe the biosynthesis of Nitric Oxide (NO) in our body.
(b) What are the differences between glucogenic and ketogenic amino acid.
(c) Name the ketone bodies. Describe the formation and fate of ketone bodies in human system.
(d) What is tautomerism? Give one example. 4+4+(3+7)+2=20
9. (a) What do you understand by recombinant DNA? Write two uses of recombinant DNA technology.
(b) Describe the inborn errors of phenylalanine and glycogen metabolism.
(c) What is ribose sugar?
(d) What are fibrous protein? State the differences between fibrous protein and globular protein. (3+3)+(3+3)+2+(2+4)=20
10. (a) What do you mean by protein calorie malnutrition (PCM)? State their social implications.
(b) What do you understand by protein sparing effect of glucose?
(c) Describe the nutritional anaemias with their causes and haematological changes.
(d) What are positive and negative nitrogen balance? (2+2)+4+(4+4)+(2+2)=20
GROUP-B
Answer any four questions:
11. (a) Discuss the role of erythropoietin on erythropoiesis.
(b) What do you mean by turbulent and laminar flow?
(c) What is Reynolds number? “Higher the value of Reynolds number, greater the possibility of turbulence” — Justify the statement.
(d) What do you mean by homeostasis? Why blood cell does play the most important role in the maintenance of homeostasis? 4+4+(2+4)+(3+3)=20
12. (a) Define antibiotics. Why penicillin is the safe antibiotic for human body?
(b) What are allergens? Name the antibody secreted during immune response in allergy.
(c) “All immunogens are antigen but all antigens are not immunogens.” — Explain why? What is epitope?
(d) What are the difference between plasmid DNA and regular DNA?
(e) Describe with diagram the structure of bacteriophage. (2+2)+(2+2)+(2+2)+4+4=20
13. (a) Describe the functions of plasma protein in human body. What is plasmapheresis?
(b) What do you mean by iron overload disease?
(c) What do you know about procoagulants and anticoagulants? State their mechanism of action.
(d) Write down the chemical structure of haemoglobin. (4+2)+2+(4+4)+4=20
14. (a) Describe the physiological significance of PR-interval in ECG.
(b) What do you mean by exploring electrode and indifferent electrode used to measurement of ECG?
(c) What do you understand about slow diastolic depolarisation phase of the hearts?
(d) Distinguish between capacitance and resistant blood vessels.
(e) State Fick’s Principle in the measurement of cardiac output. 4+4+4+4+4=20
15. (a) State the importance of spirometry in the diagnosis of respiratory disease.
(b) What do you mean by ventilation-perfusion ratio?
(c) What is the significance of alveolar surfactant?
(d) Discuss the non-respiratory functions of lungs.
(e) What is emphysema? 6+4+2+4+4=20
16. (a) Describe with suitable diagram the ultra-structure of nephron. What is podocytes?
(b) Discuss the mechanism of reabsorption of glucose through renal tubule.
(c) Compare and contrast the functions of internal and external urethral sphincters.
(d) What is aquaporin? (6+2)+6+4+2=20
PAPER – II (Time-3 Hours Full Marks-200)
GROUP-A
Answer any six questions:
- (a) What is end plate potential (EPP)?
(b) How does an end plate potential lead to an increase in Ca++ concentration in the Sarcoplasm?
(c) Describe the role of ATP in the power and recovery strokes of Myosin head.
(d) How does the contracted muscle fibre return to its resting length?
(e) What are the causes of Muscle fatigue? 2+4+6+4+4=20
2. (a) Distinguish between resting membrane potential and action potential.
(b) Explain why the force of muscle contraction depends on the length of the muscle prior to stimulation.
(c) What will happen after injection of ‘acetylcholine-esterase (AchE)’ into the muscle?
(d) State the functions of glycogen and myoglobin present in the Sarcoplasm.
(e) What is Sarcopenia? 6+4+2+4+4=20
3. (a) Discuss the process of Wallerian degeneration of nerve fibre.
(b) Distinguish between contransmitter and neuromodulator.
(c) What re glial cell? State their functions.
(d) What is Hursh Factor? 6+(2+2)+(4+4)+2=20
4. (a) What do you understand by ganglion? What are the differences between prevertebral and paravertebral ganglia?
(b) What is diffuse thalamocortical projection system? Discuss its role in the induction of sleep and wakefulness.
(c) Describe the fluent and non-fluent aphasias. (2+4)+(2+4)+(2+6)=20
5. (a) What are anterograde and retrograde amentia?
(b) What is operant conditioning?
(c) Describe with a neat diagram the origin, course and termination of Pyramidal track. State the functions of Pyramidal track. (2+2)+4+(8+4)=20
6. (a) Why gustation is called special sense?
(b) Describe the structure of taste bud with near diagram.
(c) Describe the neural pathway of gustatory sensation with appropriate diagram.
(d) What is agensia? 4+6+6+4=20
7. (a) What is Steven’s power law?
(b) What do you understand by tonic and phasic adaptations of receptors?
(c) Describe the structure of an Olfactory bulb with labelled diagram.
(d) What is Umami sensation?
(e) What is electro-olfactogram? 4+4+6+2+4=20
8. (a) Describe the physiological basis of discrimination of sound frequencies and intensities.
(b) State the functions of middle ear.
(c) What is tip link?
(d) What is deafness? 8+6+4+2=20
9. (a) What is pyrexia? How does it develop?
(b) What is non-shivering thermogenesis?
(c) What do you mean by hypothermia and hyperthermia?
(d) Discuss the causes and prevention of hypothermia.
(e) How does eccrine sweat gland differ from apocrine sweat gland? (3+3)+2+4+4+4=20
10. (a) Describe the chemical changes that occur in the rhodopsin molecule on exposure to light.
(b) What do you mean by “On center” and “Off center” ganglion cells in the retina?
(c) What do you understand by colour blindness? Describe the different types of colour blindness.
(d) What is glaucoma? 8+4+(2+4)+2=20
GROUP-B
Answer any four questions:
11. (a) Write the principle of physical training.
(b) What are overtraining and detraining?
(c) Describe the effects of long term physical training on skeletal muscle.
(d) Describe the basic concept of lactate threshold and lactate tolerance.
(e) What do you mean by isotonic and isometric work? Give example. 2+4+6+4+4=20
12. (a) Describe briefly the physiological functions of growth hormone.
(b) What are the hypothalamic releasing factors? State their functions on anterior pituitary.
(c) How the posterior pituitary hormones are transported from their site of synthesis of the hypothalamus to their site of release at pituitary?
(d) State the origin and functions of somatomedin. 6+(2+4)+4+4=20
13. (a) T₃ is more potent than T₄.— Discuss with reason.
(b) Describe the role of pendrin and megalin protein on thyroid hormone biosynthesis.
(c) What are the differences between calcitriol and calcitonin?
(d) What do you mean by Type I and Type II diabetic mellitus?
(e) Why ketosis develops in diabetes mellitus?
(f) What do you mean by Insulin Shock? 2+4+4+4+4+2=20
14. (a) Discuss the source and functions of Mineralocorticoids.
(b) What are the adrenal medullary hormones? Describe the role of adrenal medullary hormone in the regulation of stress.
(c) What is pheochromocytoma? State its symptoms. (1+6)+(3+4)+(2+4)=20
15. (a) Describe with suitable diagram the histological structure of an ovary.
(b) What is menopause? Describe the post-menopausal physiological changes in female.
(c) Name the accessory sex organs in male.
(d) How many spermatozoa are produced from spermatogonia?
(e) What is blood-testis barrier? 5+(1+4)+4+2+4=20
16. (a) Name the diseases that can be controlled by immunization programmes.
(b) What are the social importance of immunization against disease?
(c) Discuss the measures that could be taken for prevention of hepatitis.
(d) Discuss briefly the non-auditory effect of noise on human body.
(e) What are the principles of family planning? 4+6+3+4+3=20
WBCS Main Optional Question Paper – 2022
PAPER – I (Time-3 Hours Full Marks-200)
GROUP-A
Answer any six questions:
- (a) Distinguish between Isotonic and Iso-osmotic solution.
(b) What is buffer? Give example.
(c) Derive Henderson-Hesselbach equation of buffer system and explain its significance.
(d) State the importance of alkali reserve in plasma. 4+(2+2)+(6+2)+4=20
2. (a) What do you mean by osmotic pressure? State its physiological importance.
(b) What is osmotic work?
(c) What do you mean by hypotonic, isotonic and hypertonic solution?
(d) What will happen if red blood cells (RBC) are placed in pure water? (4+4)+2+(2+2+2)+4=20
3. (a) Define glycolysis and why this name is so appropriate?
(b) Why glycogen but not glucose is the natural storage form?
(c) Calculate the total energetics of glycolytic pathway of one molecule of glucose.
(d) Write the significance of Rapport-Leubering cycle (R-L cycle). (2+2)+4+6+6=20
4. (a) Describe the general amino acid pool.
(b) What are glycogenic and ketogenic amino acids? Give example each of them.
(c) State the differences between hexokinase and glucokinase.
(d) Distinguish between proteoglycan and glycoprotein.
(e) What is mutarotation? 4+(4+2)+(2+2)+(2+2)+2=20
5. (a) State briefly the role of lipoproteins in lipid transport mechanism.
(b) What do you mean by ‘reverse cholesterol transport’?
(c) How do phospholipids are different from triglycerides?
(d) Discuss the triacylglycerol synthesis through glycerophosphate pathway. 6+4+4+6=20
6. (a) Distinguish between transamination and deamination reaction.
(b) Describe the role of pyridoxal phosphate in transamination reaction.
(c) What is glycosidic bond? State its significance in the formation of sugar. 6+6+(4+4)=20
7. (a) Explain why disaccharide lactose exhibits reducing property but sucrose does not.
(b) What are the differences between starch and glycogen?
(c) Why is glucose also called dextrose?
(d) What do you mean by epimer and enantiomer?
(e) “Glucose and galactose are epimers of each other”— explain with reasons.
(f) What is a ‘racemic’ mixture? 4+4+2+4+4+2=20
8. (a) How many molecule of ATP are required to activate one molecule of fatty acid?
(b) Why ATP is called as a high energy compound?
(c) Name the substrate which produce acetyl CoA.
(d) Name the ketone bodies produced in the body.
(e) Describe the formation and fate of ketone bodies in human body. 4+4+2+3+(4+3)=20
9. (a) Distinguish between nucleoside and nucleotide.
(b) Write the differences between DNA and RNA.
(c) What do you mean by good and bad cholesterol and why they are called so?
(d) What do you mean by fatty liver?
(e) State the physiological importance of cholesterol in the human body. 4+4+(2+4)+2+4=20
10. (a) Why the consumption of raw egg cause biotin deficiency?
(b) Discuss the function of Vitamin K in blood coagulation.
(c) Why deficiency of Vitamin C leads to anaemia?
(d) Describe the role of sodium in our body.
(e) What do you mean by adult consumption unit (ACU)? 4+4+4+4+4=20
GROUP-B
Answer any four questions
11. (a) What is immunity?
(b) Describe the typical structure of immunoglobulin.
(c) Write the difference between acquired immunity and innate immunity.
(d) What is plasma cell?
(e) What are the functions of natural killer cells (NK Cells)? 2+6+6+2+4=20
12. (a) What is called Polycythaemia?
(b) What are the cardiovascular complication that can arise due to Polycythaemia?
(c) What is the significance of biconcave structure of erythrocyte?
(d) What do you mean by haemophilia?
(e) Write the chemical structure of haemoglobin. 2+6+4+4+4=20
13. (a) Describe the physiological basis of ABO blood group system.
(b) Why blood do not clot in the vascular system?
(c) What is erythroblastosis foetalis?
(d) Discuss the hazard of blood transfusion. 8+2+4+6=20
14. (a) Describe the structure and functions of intercalated disc.
(b) Discuss the origin and significance of ECG waves.
(c) Describe the iconic basis of rhythmicity properties of the heart.
(d) What do you mean by myocardial infarction? 4+6+6+4=20
15. (a) Describe the role of chloride shift in the transport of CO₂ from tissue to lungs.
(b) What is Bohr effect?
(c) Define hypoxia. Classify hypoxia.
(d) What do you mean by physiological dead space? 6+4+(2+4)+4=20
16. (a) State the differences between cortical and juxta medullary nephron.
(b) Describe the structural peculiarities of the epithelial cells in human renal tubule.
(c) Describe the forces involve in glomerular ultrafiltration.
(d) Discuss the non-excretory functions of kidney. 4+5+5+6=20
PAPER – II (Time-3 Hours Full Marks-200)
GROUP-A
Answer any six questions:
- (a) Describe the EM structure of skeletal muscle sacromere with a neat diagram.
(b) What is function of dihydropyridine (DHP) and raynodine receptors during EC coupling?
(c) What is calsequestrin? (6+4)+6+4=20
2. (a) What are the differences between monosynaptic and disynaptic reflex?
(b) What do you mean by spatial and temporal summation?
(c) Distinguish between apolar and unipolar neurone.
(d) What are the Nissl substances? State their functions. 6+6+4+(2+2)=20
3. (a) State the recent advancement in the mechanism of long term memory.
(b) Describe the origin and outflow of parasympathetic efferent fibre passing through vagus and glossopharyngeal nerve.
(c) What do you mean by geniculate ganglion? 10+8+2=20
4. (a) Describe the neural pathways carrying unconscious kinesthetic impulses from periphery to brain with neat diagram.
(b) State briefly the differences between somatic and autonomic reflex arc.
(c) Describe the thermal changes that takes place in the skeletal muscle during contraction. 8+6+6=20
5. (a) Describe with neat diagram the ultrastructure of neuromuscular junction.
(b) Describe the role of syntexin and synaptobravin proteins during the neuromuscular transmission.
(c) What do you mean by neurotransmitter and neuromodulator substances? (6+4)+(3+3)+(2+2)=20
6. (a) List the different layers of human retina.
(b) When light falls on the retina, on which layer it falls first?
(c) Describe briefly the process of accommodation of eye.
(d) What are the differences between fluent and non-fluent aphasia? 5+2+7+(3+3)=20
7. (a) What do you mean by condensation and rarefaction in sound wave?
(b) Describe how the mechanical sound wave is converted into electrical neural signal with diagramatic explanation of tip link mediated mechanism.
(c) What is Weber-Flechner law? 4+12+4=20
8. (a) In what respect does a special sensation differ from general sense?
(b) Describe the process of olfactory transduction.
(c) What do you mean by odorus binding protein (OBP)?
(d) What do you know about primary taste modalities? 5+7+4+4=20
9. (a) Describe with suitable diagram the historical structure of skin.
(b) Discuss the physical process in the regulation of body temperature.
(c) What do you mean by insensible perspiration?
(d) What is Sebum? 6+8+4+2=20
10. (a) What is physical fitness?
(b) Discuss the assessment of physical fitness by modified Harvard step test method.
(c) What do you mean by warm up and cool down process?
(d) What do you understand by static work and dynamic work? 4+6+4+6=20
GROUP-B
Answer any four questions:
11. (a) Describe the histology of adenohypophysis.
(b) What do you understand by hypothalamic neurosecretory substances (HNSS)? State briefly their functions on the anterior pituitary.
(c) Describe how the posterior pituitary hormone acts on milk ejection in lactating mother.
(d) What are the functions of oxytocin in male body? 6+(4+4)+4+2=20
12. (a) Mention two important functions of calcium in human body.
(b) Write the name and origin of hormones which regulate the calcium level in blood. Give a brief account of their role in calcium homeostasis in blood.
(c) What is the normal blood calcium level in human body?
(d) What is reverse T₃(rT₃)? 2+(2+4+8)+2+2=20
13. (a) Discuss the role of insulin in the maintenance of normal blood sugar level.
(b) What are type-I and type-II diabetes mellitus?
(c) Describe the role of ADH in Osmoregulation. 10+4+6=20
14. (a) What are the active principles of adrenal cortex?
(b) Discuss the role of glucocorticoids on inflammation and immunological processes.
(c) How does the thyroid gland accumulate iodide required for thyroid hormone biosynthesis?
(d) Why the action of growth hormone on growth is inhibited after attainment of a particular age? 4+(3+3)+6+4=20
15. (a) Describe the role of Leydig Cells and Sertoli Cells in spermatogenesis process.
(b) Describe the physiological changes of ovary and uterus during menstrual cycle.
(c) Describe with suitable diagram the microscopic structure of spermatozoa. 8+8+4=20
16. (a) Discuss the goitre and anaemia control program implemented by Govt. Of India
(b) What do you mean by 0-db (zero decibel) sound?
(c) Describe the effect of sound pollution in human body and its preventive measure. (5+5)+2+(4+4)=20
WBCS Main Optional Question Paper – 2021
PAPER – I (Time-3 Hours Full Marks-200)
GROUP-A
Answer any six questions:
- (a) Explain briefly Van’t Hoff Laws of osmotic pressure.
(b) Distinguish between isotonic and Iso-osmotic solutions
(c) State the significance of osmotic pressure in the human body. 10+6+4=20
2. (a) What is a buffer? Give example.
(b) Name the buffers present in blood.
(c) Explain isoelectric pH with example.
(d) Explain Handerson-Hasselbach Equation and state its significance. (2+2)+4+4+(4+4)=20
3. (a) What is aldose-ketose isomerism?
(b) What is racemic mixture?
(c) “Glucose and galactose are epimers of each other”— Explain.
(d) What are polysaccharides?
(e) Mention the differences between starch and glycogen. 4+4+4+4+4=20
4. (a) Classify lipoproteins. Explain their biological significance.
(b) What is the normal range of cholesterol level in adult plasma?
(c) State the physiological importance of cholesterol in the human body. (6+6)+2+6=20
5. (a) Classify amino acids giving suitable examples.
(b) Write down the systemic names of glycine and phenylamine.
(c) Distinguish between nucleoside and nucleotide.
(d) What are the differences between DNA and RNA? 10+4+4+2=20
6. (a) What are the key enzymes of glycolysis?
(b) Discuss with a flow chart the oxidative phase of glycolysis, mentioning the names of the enzymes?
(c) What is substrate level phosphorylation? Give example. 4+12+(2+2)=20
7. (a) Name the substrates which produce acetyl CoA.
(b) Which is the substrate level phosphorylation step in TCA-cycle?
(c) What are the steps in TCA-cycle which release CO₂?
(d) How many ATPs are generated in one rotation of TCA-cycle? 6+4+8+2=20
8. (a) Explain with a flow chart the β-oxidation of fatty acids.
(b) What is the product of β-oxidation of odd carbon fatty acids.
(c) Calculate the numbers of ATP generated from complete oxidation of palmitic acid (16C saturated fatty acid). 12+2+6=20
9. (a) What do you mean by transamination and deamination?
(b) Name the enzymes involved in transamination.
(c) What are the physiological significances of transamination? 6+4+10=20
10. (a) Define food groups.
(b) What are the different food groups according to ICMR classification?
(c) Define balanced diet. 2+15+3=20
GROUP-B
Answer any four questions
11. (a) Why blood is called a connective tissue?
(b) Classify leucocytes with a neat flow chart.
(c) What are the functions of haemoglobin?
(d) What is Lansteriner’s Law?
(e) What is ‘erythro blastosis foetalis’? 2+4+8+2+4=20
12. (a) Distinguish between innate and acquired (adaptive) immunity.
(b) Mention two functions of plasma proteins in the human body.
(c) What is a reticulocyte? Why is it so called?
(d) What are the advantages of biconcave shape of an erythrocyte? 6+8+4+2=20
13. (a) Why cardiac muscle is never fatigued?
(b) Define cardiac cycle.
(c) Discuss about the different phases of ventricular cycle. 4+2+14=20
14. (a) Critically discuss the iconic basis of Pacemaker potential.
(b) Draw and describe the normal human ECG waves. 10+10=20
15. (a) What is “Dead Space”?
(b) Write the definition, normal value and significance of
(i) Tidal Volume
(ii) Inspiratory Capacity
(iii) Residual Volume
(iv) Total Lung Capacity 4+(4×4)=20
16. (a) What is a glomerulus? Name the blood vessels entering and leaving it.
(b) Write briefly about the juxtaglomerular apparatus.
(c) Give a brief account of glucose reabsorption process in the renal tubules. (2+2)+6+10=20
PAPER – II (Time-3 Hours Full Marks-200)
GROUP-A
Answer any six questions:
- (a) Give a brief account of the ultrastructure of the skeletal muscle fiber with a scientific diagram.
(b) What is sarcotubular system? Name its different components. (8+4)+(4+4)=20
2. Explain the following properties of nerve fibres: 5×4=20
(a) All-or-none response
(b) Refractory period
(c) Indefatiguability
(d) Accommodation
3. (a) Name the different layers of the cerebral cortex.
(b) Mention the location of pyramidal cells in the human brain.
(c) Briefly describe the histological section of the spinal cord with a next labelled diagram. 6+2+(6+6)=20
4. (a) Describe the structure of the middle ear.
(b) Discuss the functions of the middle ear as an acoustic transformer.
(c) Name the receptors for hearing. 6+10+4=20
5. (a) What are myopia and hypermetropia?
(b) Mention the causes for these abnormalities.
(c) How can they be rectified? (2+2)+(4+4)+(4+4)=20
6. (a) Distinguish between somatic reflex and automatic reflex.
(b) What do you mean by consolidation of memory?
(c) Mention the stages of non-REM sleep. 8+6+6=20
7. (a) What is the normal body temperature of an adult human?
(b) State the concept of ‘set point’ for temperature regulation?
(c) What are the physical processes of body temperature regulation? 2+8+10=20
8. (a) Discuss the role of GH on cellular metabolism.
(b) Mention the abnormalities caused by hypoactivity and hyperactivity of GH before and after puberty. 12+8=20
9. (a) Compare the histological structure of euthyroid, hyperthyroid and hypothyroid gland with diagram.
(b) Name the hormones released by thyroid gland.
(c) Discuss about the calorigenic functions of thyroid hormone.
(d) What is reverse T₃? (6+3)+3+6+2=20
10. (a) Draw a labelled histological structure of the testis.
(b) Outline the steps of spermatogenesis with a schematic diagram. 6+14=20
GROUP-B
Answer any four questions
11. (a) Classify nerve fibres.
(b) What is Wallerian degeneration?
(c) What is transneuonal degeneration?
(d) What do you mean by superficial and deep reflexes? 8+4+4+(2+2)=20
12. (a) Describe with a neat diagram the origin, course and termination of corticospinal/pyramidal tract.
(b) What do you mean by upper neurone and lower motor neurone? (4+12)+(2+2)=20
13. (a) Discuss briefly the physiological basis of light accommodation in the human eye.
(b) Describe with a diagram the histological structure of the olfactory neuroepithelium. 12+(2+6)=20
14. (a) What is insensible perspiration?
(b) What is sebum?
(c) Discuss briefly the functions of the skin. 4+4+12=20
15. (a) Why posterior pituitary is known as neurohypophysis?
(b) Write a brief note on ‘milk ejection reflex’.
(c) In the light of functional aspect, discuss the significance of the name ‘Antidiuretic Hormone’.
(d) Mention one function of oxytocin in male body. 2+8+8+2=20
16. (a) Mention the names and origin of hormones regulating calcium homeostasis.
(b) Give a brief account of their function in maintenance of normal calcium levels in blood. 8+12=20
WBCS Main Optional Question Paper – 2020
PAPER – I (Time-3 Hours Full Marks-200)
GROUP-A
Answer any three questions:
- (a) What is pH? Mention the physiological importance of buffers in human blood.
(b) State the biological applications of osmosis.
(c) State the importance of “alkali reserve” in plasma.
(d) State in brief about osmotic work. 10+10+10+10=40
2. (a) Explain why a disaccharide like ‘lactose’ exhibits reducing property, whereas sucrose does not.
(b) Write shirt notes on stereoisomerism and anomerism.
(c) Write the systematic name and structure of histidine and valine.
(d) Write the reaction of monosaccharides with concentrated mineral acids and excess phenylhydrazine.
(e) What information you could get from the titration curve of glycine? 6+(5+5)+(3+3)+(5+5)+8=40
3. (a) State about the different reaction mechanisms of deamination of amino acids.
(b) What is R-L cycle? State its significance.
(c) Write the sources of NADPH and acetyl-coA for lipogenesis.
(d) How can different hexose sugars enter the pathway of glycolysis? 10+10+(5+5)+10=40
4. (a) Discuss the biological functions and deficiency symptoms of calcium in our body.
(b) What do you mean by hypervitaminosis D? State the functions of vitamin K in blood coagulation and carboxylations.
(c) State briefly the principles of formulation of balanced diet for lactating woman.
(d) What are fundamental foods?
(e) Discuss the functions of vitamin A in glycoprotein synthesis and growth promotion. 10+(3+7)+10+(3+7)=40
5. (a) Why haem is tagged with globin? Describe the fate of haemoglobin in our body.
(b) Why secondary immune response onsets faster than primary immune response?
(c) State any four requirements of a molecule for being an immunogen.
(d) Describe the physiological basis of ABO blood group system.
(e) Describe plasmapheresis with its significance. (3+7)+10+10+10=40
GROUP-B
Answer any four questions
6. (a) Graphically show the pressure changes in the atria during different phases of cardia cycle and explain.
(b) Briefly describe the origin and significance of ECG waves.
(c) Discuss in brief about different types of electrocardiographic leads used to record ECG.
(d) State Starling’s Law of heart.
(e) Name two types of cell junctions found at the intercalated disc. Mention their functions. 10+10+10+4+(2+4)=40
7. (a) What is cardiac output? Discuss the factors affecting it.
(b) Discuss in brief about “Stannius ligature” and “Overdrive suppression”.
(c) Elucidate the process of origin and spread of cardiac impulse.
(d) Describe the Fick’s principle of cardiac output measurement. (2+8)+(5+5)+10+10=40
8. (a) Describe the effects of temperature, pH, pCO₂ and 2-3 BPG on the dynamics of oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve.
(b) What is hypoxia? Elaborate different types of hypoxia.
(c) How is Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) of an individual determined?
(d) What is spirometry? What is the significance of alveolar surfactant? Mention its sources and composition. 10+(2+8)+10+(3+3+1+3)=40
9. (a) Describe the forces involved in the process of glomerular filtration.
(b) Briefly describe the non-excretory functions of Kidney.
(c) Describe the effect of the deficiency of ADH in the formation of urine.
(d) Discuss the role of kidney in the regulation of acid-base balance of the body fluids. 10+10+10+10=40
PAPER – II (Time-3 Hours Full Marks-200)
GROUP-A
Answer any three questions:
- (a) Draw and describe the ultrastructure of a nerve-muscle junction.
(b) Describe the molecular mechanism of synaptic transmission.
(c) Discuss the structure and function of acetylcholine receptor found in skeletal muscle.
(d) Discuss the origin, course, termination and functions of the tract of Goll and Burdach. 10+10+10+10=40
2. (a) Name the hypothalamic nuclei. Discuss the role of hypothalamus in regulating food intake and thirst.
(b) Name the different types of GABA receptors and discuss their functions.
(c) Discuss the excitation-contraction coupling in skeletal muscles.
(d) Discuss the roles of different nerve fibres in pain perception. 10+10+10+10=40
3. (a) Describe the iconic basis of resting and excitable state of membrane potential.
(b) Describe briefly the histological structure and functions of cerebellum.
(c) Discuss the physiological basis of learning and memory.
(d) Discuss the functions of autonomic nervous system and its control. 10+10+10+10=40
4. (a) Draw and describe the structure of cochlea.
(b) Discuss the origin, course and termination of auditory pathway.
(c) Discuss the sensory neural pathway of olfaction.
(d) Discuss the visual pathway and mention the effects of lesion of the pathway at lateral geniculate body. 10+10+10+10=40
5. (a) ‘Receptors are biological transducers.’— Discuss why?
(b) Define and explain (i) Bell-Magendie law, (ii) Weber-Flechner law.
(c) Compare the effects of (i) complete and (ii) incomplete transection of spinal cord.
(d) Discuss the nerve pathway of taste sensation. 10+10+10+10=40
6. (a) Discuss the processes for maintenance of human body temperature.
(b) Discuss the physiological changes occur in exposure to extreme hot and cold climate.
(c) Discuss the structure of skin with a neat diagram.
(d) Write ethe composition of sweat and discuss the mechanism of sweat secretion. 10+10+10+10=40
GROUP-B
Answer any four questions
7. (a) Discuss the structure and functions of parathormone.
(b) Discuss the synthesis, storage and release of insulin.
(c) Name the active principles of adrenal gland and state their functions.
(d) Compare the structure and functions of estrogen and progesterone. 10+10+10+10=40
8. (a) Discuss the role of hormones in pregnancy.
(b) Discuss the actions of progesterone on uterus and ovary.
(c) Discuss the peculiarities of foetal circulation.
(d) Discuss the role of hormones in breast development and on lactation. 10+10+10+10=40
9. (a) Discuss the ground water laced arsenic control program adopted in India.
(b) Discuss the goitre and anaemia control program implemented by Govt. Of India.
(c) Discuss the strategies that may control misuse of pesticide in agriculture.
(d) What is climate change? Discuss the effects of sound pollution on human body. 10+10+10+(4+6)=40
10. (a) Discuss the assessment of pulmonary volumes and capacities by a spirometer.
(b) Write notes on (i) Vital capacity, (ii) Dead space.
(c) Discuss the principle, procedure and applications of Harvard step test method.
(d) Write notes on: (i) Body mass index, (ii) Anthropometric measurement. 10+(5+5)+10+10=40
WBCS Main Optional Question Paper – 2019
PAPER – I (Time-3 Hours Full Marks-200)
GROUP-A
Answer any three questions:
- (a) Explain the working principle of acid-base indicator. Mention the biological significance of buffers in human body.
(b) “Glucose and galactose are epimers of each other”- explain. What are reducing sugars? Explain what happens if glucose is heated with strong mineral acid and dilute aqueous alkali. Write in brief about anomerism and epimerism.
(c) Classify lipoproteins and stet their physiological fucntion. (4+6)+(3+4+5+8)+10
2. (a) Write down the chemical structure of the branch point of a starch molecule having α-1,4 and α-1,6 glycosidic linkages. Explain why concentrated sucrose sloution is used as preservative.
(b) Describe the process of β-oxidation of odd carbon saturated fatty acids. Describe the mechanism of action of pyruvate dehydrogenase stating the involvements of its various components and cofactors.
(c) Distinguish between transamination and deamination. Describe the role of pyridoxal phosphate in transamination reaction. (6+4)+(12+8)+(3+7)
3. (a) What are vitamins? Describe the symptoms of vitamin D deficiency in children and adults.
(b) Describe the deficiency symptoms of vitamin C, sodium and potassium in an adult human.
(c) Discuss the functions of vitamin B12 in human body. What are functions of Vitamin K? (2+10)+(6+6+6)+(5+5)
4. (a) Describe the process of development of development of erythrocytes and discuss the factors influencing it.
(b) Describe the functions of red blood corpuscles and platelets.
(c) Classify plasma proteins. What is plasmapheresis? Discuss the important functions of plasma proteins. (6+6)+8+(6+4+10)
5. (a) Explain genesis of normal ECG of cardiac muscle.
(b) Describe the Stannius ligature experiment.
(c) Discuss with diagram the pressure and volume changes in heart at different phases of cardiac cycle. 12+8+(10+10)
GROUP-B
Answer any two questions:
6. (a) Describe the CO₂ dissociation curve and its regulation.
(b) What is “Functional Residual Capacity”? State its significance.
(c) Discuss the mechanism of CO₂ transport in the blood. What do you know about chloride shift and reverse chloride shift. 10+(3+7)+(10+5+5)
7. (a) Describe the non-excretory functions of kidney.
(b) State briefly the principle of glomerular filtration.
(c) Discuss the counter current mechanism in renal tubule for concentrating urine.
(d) State the differences between corticol and juxta medullary nephron. Describe the structural peculiarities of epithelial cells in human renal tubule. 12+8+10+(5+5)
8. (a) Discuss the mechanism of energy production in different steps of citric acid cycle. Name three inhibitors of the cycle and mention their site of action.
(b) Mention the differences between hexokinase and glucokinase. What do you know about mutarotation.
(c) Discuss the basis of primary and secondary immune response. (14+6)+(5+5)+10
9. (a) Discuss the principles of formulation of balanced diet.
(b) Discuss the role of iodine in human body. What are major functions of calcium?
(c) Describe the physiological basis of ABO blood group system. What is erythroblastosis foetalis?
(d) Explain FEV and FVC with diagram. 10+(5+5)+(7+3)+10
PAPER – II (Time-3 Hours Full Marks-200)
GROUP-A
Answer any six questions:
- (a) Discuss the origin, course, termination, functions of tract of Goll & Burdach. 10
(b) Discuss the molecular basis of synaptic transmission. 10
2. (a) Discuss the excitation-contraction coupling of skeletal muscle. 10
(b) Draw, label, discuss the histological structure and functions of cerebellum. 10
3. (a) Discuss the different types of GABA receptors and their mode of actions. 10
(b) Discuss the effects of lesion of upper and lower motor neurons.
4. (a) Discuss the physiological basis of REM sleep. 10
(b) Discuss with diagram the origin, course, termination of auditory pathway. 10
5. (a) Draw, label and discuss the visual pathway. 10
(b) Discuss the neurophysiology of learning and memory. 10
6. (a) Draw, label and discuss the nervous pathway of taste sensation. 10
(b) Draw, label and discuss the functions of vestibular apparatus and cochlea. 10
7. (a) Discuss the body temperature regulation mechanism in human. 10
(b) Discuss the physiological changes that occur in humans in extreme hot and cold climate. 10
8. Short notes (any four):- 5×4
(a) Webner Flechner Law
(b) Cerebro spinal fluid
(c) Electro retinogram (ERG)
(d) Argyll-Robertson Pupil
(e) Triple response
(f) Parkinson’s disease
GROUP-B
Answer any four questions:
9. (a) Discuss the synthesis, storage and release of insulin from pancreas. 10
(b) Discuss the metabolic basis of diabetes mellitus. 10
10. (a) Discuss the structure and functions of parathormone. 10
(b) Compare the structure-functions of estrogen and progesterone. 10
11. (a) Compare the active principles, functions of adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla. 10
(b) Discuss the role of hormones in breast development and in lactation. 10
12. (a) Discuss the role of hormones in pregnancy. 10
(b) Discuss the peculiarities of foetal circulation. 10
13. (a) Define static and dynamic work and mention the muscles involved in it. 10
(b) Discuss in detail the Harvard step test to determine PFI. 10
14. (a) Discuss the major steps to control air, water, sound pollution. 10
(b) Discuss the major steps taken by the Govt. of India to control goitre. 10
WBCS Main Optional Question Paper – 2018
PAPER – I (Time-3 Hours Full Marks-200)
GROUP-A
Answer any three questions:
- (a) What is pH? Describe the chemistry of a deoxyribosenucleotide.
(b) Describe the structure and property of an also and a keto monosaccharide of physiological importance.
(c) What is osmosis? Discuss the mechanism and importance of osmosis takes place at peripheral blood capillaries.
(d) What is cholesterol? State its functions inhuman body. (2+8)+(7+7)+(2+8)+(2+4)
2. (a) What is polymorphonuclear leucocytes? State the role of neutrophil in phagocytic defence.
(b) Describe the structure and function of adult haemoglobin in human.
(c) What are amino acids? State the functions of any two essential amino acids in human body.
(d) Describe the importance of iron (Fe) in human body. (2+8)+10+(2+8)+10
3. (a) Discuss the breakdown of glucose through Glycolysis.
(b) Discuss the role of pyruvate as a central metabolite.
(c) Discuss the role of Acetyl-CoA in the TCA cycle.
(d) What do you mean by deamination? Give an example. 10+10+10+10
4. (a) Vitamin D is considered as a prohormone— Justify.
(b) Explain in detail the food guide pyramid.
(c) Discuss the dietary sources, requirement and functions of Zn in our body.
(d) Name the anti-oxidant vitamins and discuss their functions in human body. 10+10+10+10
5. (a) Discuss the hazards of blood transfusion.
(b) Discuss the mechanism of extrinsic and intrinsic pathway of blood coagulation.
(c) Discuss the role of partial pressure of oxygen in RBC production.
(d) Give an overview of innate and acquired immunity. 6+10+6+(9+9)
GROUP-B
Answer any two questions:
6. (a) Discuss the sequence of events occurring in a cardiac cycle.
(b) Discuss the various factors controlling venous return of blood to the heart.
(c) Describe a method for determination of cardiac output.
(d) State the salient features of cardiac muscle. 10+8+12+10
7. (a) Discuss the Transport mechanisms of oxygen in blood.
(b) What is hypoxia? Discuss about the different types of hypoxia.
(c) What is vital capacity? Write about the different types of lung-volumes with definitions.
(d) What is anaemia? Classify it. 12+(2+8)+(2+10)+6
8.(a) Discuss the mechanics of breathing.
(b) Discuss the factors affecting O₂-dissociation curve of haemoglobin.
(c) Draw and discuss the normal waves of human electrocardiogram.
(d) Discuss the factors controlling cardiac cycle. 10+10+10+10
9. (a) Draw and describe the ultra-structure of a nephron.
(b) Discuss the process of formation of urine.
(c) Discuss the role of kidney in acid-base balance.
(d) State the role of nephron in urine formation of a person suffering from diabetes insipidus. 10+10+10+10
PAPER – II (Time-3 Hours Full Marks-200)
GROUP-A
Answer any six questions:
- (a) What is current of injury?
(b) Discuss the ionic events that take place during the various phases of development of a nerve action potential.
(c) What is synaptosome?
(d) Discuss in brief about the end plate potential (EPP) and miniature end plate potential (MEPP) 2+8+2+8
2. (a) Mention the differences between somatic and autonomic reflex arcs.
(b) What are meant by superficial and deep reflexes?
(c) What is sleep apnoea?
(d) Discuss the molecular basis of sensitization. 6+4+3+7
3. (a) Describe the auditory pathway with a suitable diagram.
(b) What is umami taste modality?
(c) Describe the mechanism of olfactory transduction. (7+3)+2+8
4. (a) Describe with a suitable diagram the histological structure of human skin.
(b) What is meant by heat stress and heat strain?
(c) Distinguish between hypothermia and hyperthermia. (3+7)+(3+3)+4
5. (a) What are hypothalamic releasing factors?
(b) Discuss the functions of PTH.
(c) State the endocrinological cause of Cretinism and Diabetes Insipidus. 3+7+(5+5)
6. (a) Describe the changes in the ovary and uterus take place during different phases of a menstrual cycle.
(b) Describe with a suitable diagram the histological structure of an ovary of adult female individual.
(c) What is spontaneous ovulation? (5+5)+7+3
7. (a) Describe the basic concept and usefulness of lactate threshold and lactate tolerance.
(b) What is physical fitness?
(c) Discuss the assessment of physical fitness by modified Harvard Step Test method. (5+5)+3+7
8. (a) What is noise?
(b) Discuss briefly the non-auditory effects of noise on human body.
(c) Discuss the causes of water pollution.
(d) Discuss about the concept of safe drinking water. 2+8+5+5
GROUP-B
Answer any four questions:
9. (a) Write short notes on (any four): 5×4
(i) Habituation
(ii) Sleep disorders
(iii) Aldosterone escape
(iv) Oogenisis
(v) Chronaxie and rheobase
(vi) Myopia
10. (a) Discuss the pathophysiology of type I and type II diabetes mellitus.
(b) “Insulin generally administered through intravenous injection”- explain with reasons why?
(c) Describe the chemistry and functions of calcitonin (5+5)+4+6
11. (a) Describe the histological structure of different layers of retina.
(b) Describe the mechanism of accommodation of human eye. 10+10
12. (a) Discuss the neurophysiological basis of long term potentiation.
(b) What is somnogens?
(c) Give a brief account about the roles of neurotransmitters in NREM sleep.
(d) What do you understand by retro grade amnesia? 8+3+6+3
13. (a) Describe with the help of suitable diagram the structure of a Spermatozoon.
(b) Describe the process of maturation and capacitation of spermatozoa.
(c) Discuss the endocrine functions of testis. 8+8+4
14. (a) How does eccrine sweat gland differ from apocrine sweat gland?
(b) Write in brief about insensible perspiration and core temperature.
(c) What are meant by nuclear bag and nuclear chain fibres?
(d) Write in brief about chemical synapse. 4+(3+3)+(3+3)+4