March 8, 2019
Amendments of the Constitution of India – List
amendments
1st | 1951 | Added Ninth Schedule to protect the land reform and other laws included in it from the judicial review amendments Added three more grounds of restrictions on freedom of speech and expression, public order, friendly relations with foreign states and incitement to an offence. Also, made the restrictions ‘reasonable’ and thus, justiciable in nature |
6th | 1956 | new subject in the Union list i.e., taxes on the sale and purchase of goods in the course of interstate trade |
7th | 1956 | Abolished the existing classification of states into four categories , Part A, Part B, Part C and Part D states, and reorganized them into 14 states and 6 union territories. Extended the jurisdiction of high courts to union territories Provided for the establishment of a common high court for two or more states. Provided for the appointment of additional and acting judges of the high court. amendments |
10th | 1961 | Incorporated Dadra and Nagar Haveli |
11th | 1961 | Changed the procedure of election of the vice-president by providing for an electoral college instead of a joint meeting |
12th | 1962 | Incorporated Goa, Daman and Diu in the Indian Union |
13th | 1962 | Gave the status of a state to Nagaland |
14th | 1962 | Incorporated Puducherry in the Indian Union creation of legislatures and council of ministers for the UTs of Himachal Pradesh, Manipur, Tripura, Goa, Daman and Diu, and Puducherry |
15th | 1963 | Enabled the high courts to issue writs to any person or authority even outside its territorial jurisdiction if the cause of action arise within its territorial limits. |
16th | 1963 | Empowered the state to impose further restriction on the rights to freedom of speech and expression, to assemble peaceably and to form associations in the interests of sovereignty and integrity of India. |
19th | 1966 | Abolished the system of Election Tribunals and vested the power to hear election petitions in the High Courts. |
21st | 1967 | Sindhi as the 15th language in the Eight Schedule |
22nd | 1969 | autonomous State of Meghalaya within the State of Assam |
26th | 1971 | Abolished the privy purses and privileges of the former rulers of princely states. |
31st | 1972 | Increased the number of Lok Sabha seats from 525 to 545 |
36th | 1975 | Made Sikkim a full-fledged State of the Indian Union and omitted the Tenth Schedule. |
38th | 1975 | Made the declaration of emergency by the president non-justiciable. Made the promulgation of ordinances by the president, governors and administrators of union territories non-justiciable. |
42nd | 1976 | 42nd amendments also called as Mini constitution Added 3 new words (socialist, secular and integrity) in the Preamble. Added Fundamental Duties by the citizens (new Part IV A). Made the president bound by the advice of the cabinet Provided for administrative tribunals and tribunals for other matters (Added Part XIV A). Froze the seats in the Lok Sabha and state legislative assemblies on the basis of 1971 census till 2001. Made the constitutional amendments beyond judicial scrutiny. Curtailed the power of judicial review and writ jurisdiction of the Supreme Court and high courts. Raised the tenure of Lok Sabha and state legislative assemblies from 5 to 6 years. Added three new Directive Principles viz., equal justice and free–legal aid, participation of workers in the management of industries and protection of environment, forests and wild life. Facilitated the proclamation of national emergency in a part of territory of India. Extended the one-time duration of the President’s rule in a state from 6 months to one year. Shifted five subjects from the state list to the concurrent list, viz, education, forests, protection of wild animals and birds, weights and measures and administration of justice Did away with the requirement of quorum in the Parliament and the state legislatures. amendments Provided for the creation of the All–India Judicial Service. |
44th | 1978 | 44th amendments Empowered the president to send back once the advice of cabinet for reconsideration. But, the reconsidered advice is to be binding on the president. Deleted the provision which made the satisfaction of the president, governor Replaced the term ‘internal disturbance’ by ‘armed rebellion’ in respect of national emergency Made the President to declare a national emergency only on the written recommendation of the cabinet. Deleted the right to property from the list of Fundamental Rights and made it only a legal right. Provided that the fundamental rights guaranteed by Articles 20 and 21 cannot be suspended during a national emergency. |
52nd | 1985 | Provided for disqualification of members of Parliament and state legislatures on the ground of defection and added a new 10th Schedule |
58th | 1987 | Provided for an authoritative text of the Constitution in Hindi language and gave the same legal sanctity to the Hindi version of the Constitution |
61st | 1989 | Reduced the voting age from 21 years to 18 years |
69th | 1991 | Accorded a special status to the Union Territory of Delhi by designing it as the National Capital Territory of Delhi and creation of a 70-member legislative assembly |
70th | 1992 | Provided for the inclusion of the members of the Legislative Assemblies of National Capital Territory of Delhi and the Union Territory of Puducherry in the electoral college for the election of the president |
71st | 1992 | Included konkani, manipuri and nepali languages in the Eight Schedule |
73rd | 1992 | Granted constitutional status and protection to the Panchayati raj institutions. For this purpose Amendment has added a new Part–IX entitled as ‘the panchayats’ and a new 11th Schedule containing 29 functional items of the panchayats. |
74th | 1992 | Granted constitutional status and protection to the urban local bodies. For this purpose, the Amendment has added a new Part IX-A entitled as ‘the municipalities’ and a new Twelfth Schedule containing 18 functional items of the municipalities. |
84th | 2001 | Extended the ban on readjustment of seats in the Lok Sabha and the state legislative assemblies for another 25 years up to 2026 amendments |
86th | 2002 | Made elementary education a fundamental right newly-added Article 21-A Changed the subject matter of Article 45 in Directive Principles. Added a new fundamental duty under Article 51-A |
89th | 2003 | Bifurcated the erstwhile combined National Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes into two separate bodies |
91st | 2003 | Total number of ministers, including the Prime Minister, in the Central Council of Ministers shall not exceed 15% of the total strength of the Lok Sabha and State legislative The provision of the Tenth Schedule (anti-defection law) pertaining to exemption from disqualification in case of split |
97th | 2001 | It made the right to form co–operative societies a fundamental right (Article 19) It included a new Directive Principle of State Policy on promotion of co-operative societies (Article 43-B) It added a new Part IX-B in the constitution which is entitled as “The Co-operative societies” (Articles 243– ZH to 243–ZT). |
99th | 2014 | Replaced the collegium system of appointing judges to the Supreme Court and High Courts with a new body called the National Judicial Appointments Commission (NJAC). However, in 2015, the Supreme Court has declared this amendment act as unconstitutional and void amendments |
100th | 2015 | Gave effect to the acquiring of certain territories by India and transfer of certain other territories to Bangladesh |
101st | 2017 | Introduced the Goods and Services Tax. |
102nd | 2018 | Constitutional status to National Commission for Backward Classes |
103rd | 2019 | 10% Reservation for Economically Weaker Section |
